Which medications can increase lithium levels in a patient?

The option identifying ACE inhibitors, diuretics, NSAIDs, and dehydration as medications and conditions that can increase lithium levels in a patient is correct because all these factors can significantly affect lithium's pharmacokinetics.

ACE inhibitors, such as lisinopril or enalapril, can lead to increased lithium levels by reducing renal blood flow and altering renal function, which decreases the renal clearance of lithium. This results in higher concentrations of lithium in the body.

Diuretics, particularly thiazide diuretics, are known to increase lithium levels by causing a reduction in renal lithium clearance. They can lead to a decrease in fluid volume and may also initiate a compensatory increase in reabsorption of lithium in the kidneys.

NSAIDs are also implicated in increasing lithium levels because they can reduce renal clearance of lithium by affecting renal prostaglandins, which play a role in renal blood flow and function. When prostaglandin synthesis is inhibited by NSAIDs, lithium clearance can decrease, leading to elevated serum levels.

Dehydration can further exacerbate the effects mentioned above. When a patient is dehydrated, the kidneys conserve water, which can inadvertently lead to the reabsorption of lithium and increase its serum concentration. Thus, a