What is the treatment for overdose of MDMA (Ecstasy) primarily focused on?

The primary focus of treatment for an overdose of MDMA (Ecstasy) is managing the severe side effects that can arise, particularly hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), which can occur due to MDMA's action on serotonin levels and its stimulating effects. Dantrolene is a muscle relaxant that is particularly effective for treating hyperthermia associated with conditions like malignant hyperthermia and in this case, it is also used to manage heat-related complications in MDMA overdose.

When a person experiences MDMA overdose, their body temperature can rise dangerously high, leading to potential organ damage and other serious complications. Dantrolene works by directly acting on muscle cells to reduce excessive heat production and can effectively lower elevated body temperature.

In contrast, activated charcoal is not typically used in cases of MDMA overdose, especially if the presentation is delayed or the patient shows altered consciousness, and it's not the primary treatment focus. Flumazenil, while a benzodiazepine antagonist, poses risks in cases of poly-drug use and is not indicated in MDMA overdoses, as it can lead to seizures or worsen the situation. Sodium bicarbonate, while potentially useful for certain types of drug overdoses or metabolic acidosis, is not